Do you want a final list of all the values that are in there 2+ times? Or could you just use conditional formatting to draw your attention to them in the list?
Also, are you looking for the number of columns that value appears in that row, or whether or not that value appears anywhere in that column?
If the former, with only five columns, at most you could have a possible two duplicates within a row. The below formulas will identify the two duplicates in two separate columns, or if there's just one duplicate, it'll be identified just in the first column. Assume columns A-E are your five with data, and these formulas are being put into G and H.
Cell G2:
=IF(COUNTIF(A2:$E2,A2)>=2,A2,IF(COUNTIF(B2:$E2,B2)>=2,B2,IF(COUNTIF(C2:$E2,C2)>=2,C2,IF(COUNTIF(D2:$E2,D2)>=2,D2,""))))
Cell H2:
=IF(AND(COUNTIF(B2:$E2,B2)>=2,B2<>G2),B2,IF(AND(COUNTIF(C2:$E2,C2)>=2,C2<>G2),C2,IF(AND(COUNTIF(D2:$E2,D2)>=2,D2<>G2),D2,IF(AND(COUNTIF(E2:$E2,E2)>=2,E2<>G2),E2,""))))