Arctic and Antarctic ice behave very differently, for a few reasons. And not just because there are penguins in the South, and Santa Claus in the North. It’s because the ice at those poles forms for different reasons, and because the ocean currents and weather patterns around them interact with global temperature in two different ways.
Indeed, it’s long been known that the higher global temperatures that cause Northern ice to melt and recede actually cause the ice shelves around Antarctica to EXPAND. That’s right; as the Earth gets warmer, ice shrinks at one pole, and expands at the other. We’ve known this since the 1970s, at least. And this was exactly the phenomena that Turney went there to study.
Far from DISPROVING Turney, and all other global warming scientists, the fact that his ship got stuck in an ice pack, in the middle of the Antarctic summer, actually proves them RIGHT. There are several competing theories as to why higher global and oceanic temperatures cause the Antarctic sea ice shelf to expand — which we’ve confirmed that they do. The truth may be one, the other, or any combination of them. But first, a little background in what the Antarctic ice shelves are.
The Antarctic ice shelves form around the continent not just because it’s cold; cold alone won’t necessarily create ice in seawater. Seawater contains salt, which means two things: it’s heavier than freshwater, and it freezes at sub-zero temperatures. It’s only at about 20-below that saturated salt water will freeze. That’s a hefty 50 degree or so difference in freezing temperatures between salt and fresh water.
In the graphic above, you can see how ocean currents cut under the ice shelf. Normally, the salty ocean at this depth would be very, very cold — well cold enough to keep the freshwater ice at the bottom of the sheet frozen. What freshwater ice might melt off the bottom of the shelf dilutes in the heavy saltwater that sweeps up from the bottom, keeping it from rising to the surface. But what freshwater DOES make it to the surface will freeze very quickly, as high winds which away what little thermal energy it has.
Which brings us to our theories on expanding ice shelves.
Expansion Theory 1 — Melting From Beneath
The first expansion theory is the simplest one. As the Earth’s temperature goes up, the temperature of the oceans rise with it. In fact, it’s in the deep oceans (which function as Earth’s “conveyor belt” of energy) that the effects of global warming would be first noticeable.
The Antarctic ice shelves long ago reached a kind of state of equilibrium, because they couldn’t expand any more, having simply run out of fresh water that was close enough to the surface to freeze. As the oceans warm past the usual 0 to 28 degrees, they carry warm water under the shelves, breaking that delicate balance and melting them from underneath.
This fresh water, being lighter, works its way up and out of the “Filchner trough,” and stays at the top when heavier and colder waters drop off the continental shelf or sweeps further our to sea. By the time it rises to the surface, the fresh water collects in comparatively still water of the holes between larger chunks of ice, or even small icebergs, and almost immediately freezes in the chilling wind. (Of course, the still, open water around the hull of a huge, metal ship also serves as a convenient nursery for ice skims.) Once a skim of ice develops, it gets more fresh water dumped on it from above.
Expansion Theory 2 — Snow
If you’ve ever been outside on a really cold day, you’ll notice that the air almost painfully bites your skin and extremities. That’s not just because of the cold itself; it’s also because the air is very dry, with all of the moisture having gotten frozen out of it. Warm bodies of water, like your body, or a puddle in the middle of yellow snow, steam in the cold, because they’re losing water vapor to the air.
As global warming turns our oceans into a nicely stagnant puddle of warm pee, more of the ocean’s moisture makes its way into the air.
That warm, moist air goes up into the atmosphere in places as far north as central Africa, and blows South over Antarctica. The moment it hits the cold air over the pole, the moisture in the air turns to snow, which drops down by the ton over Antarctica. Much of this snow (which again, is fresh water) falls on the ice skims that develop around the continent. The snow packs deep, freezes and becomes another layer of ice building from the top down. This can just as easily happen as the snow lands on open water, since it’s still fresh, still sits on the surface, and still ultimately either mixes with the saltwater or develops into thick sheets of ice.
This much, at least, accounts for the “rapid buildup of ice” that trapped the ship. Deniers are saying “that’s weather, not climate.” Because, hey..that’s Antarctica, and it snows there, right? Duh. They should have fired up the ship and left before it happened.
At the end of the day, though, it doesn’t matter as much which theory is correct…if either. It doesn’t even matter if Turney himself was correct about his every hypothesis on ice thickness and size…testing hypotheses is science, and data is data. What matters is that Antarctic ice sheets expand as the Earth warms. We know this. It’s well documented. And they’ll continue to expand — at least, up until the Earth has warmed so much that all ocean currents stop, and the seven seas turn into a stagnant cesspool of pee-warm saltwater, with billions of dead fish floating on the surface.
Not that we’ll smell them, because we’ll have died in the first century of a million-year drought.