http://www.wsj.com/articles/the-madness-of-the-last-2-minutes-1427153621
By BRIAN COSTA and ANDREW BEATON
Updated March 24, 2015 9:41 a.m. ET
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As the game clock hit the two-minute mark on Sunday night in Columbus, Ohio, the NCAA tournament game between Oklahoma and Dayton appeared just moments away from a dramatic conclusion. Oklahoma led by just four points.
What ensued was a somewhat maddening series of stops and starts familiar only to Manhattan drivers and avid viewers of college basketball: eight fouls, 15 free throws, four time outs and one jump ball. Two minutes of basketball took 16 minutes, 29 seconds.
It is a common complaint this time of year: the last two minutes of college basketball games take too long. But how long does it really take? And why?
To find out, The Wall Street Journal used a stopwatch to break down the last two minutes of all 52 tournament games so far this year. On average, the last two minutes of those games took 9:09 to complete.
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But if the score were close enough to keep you watching, chances are they took even longer than that. When teams were within single digits of each other on the scoreboard, the last two minutes averaged 10:34 in real time.
The flow of the last two minutes varies widely from game to game. It took Robert Morris and North Florida a tournament-high 18:31 to play the last two minutes of their first-round game last Wednesday. On the brisk end, Arizona needed only 2:42 to complete its 21-point, round-of-64 win over Texas Southern.
But on average, viewers spent only around 22% of the last two minutes of games watching actual basketball. Here’s what you saw the rest of the time.
ENLARGE
FOULS
The soundtrack of the last two minutes doesn’t come from the crowd or the pep bands. It comes from the whistles. And nothing causes more of them than fouls.
Offensive fouls. Defensive fouls. Intentional fouls. All-hope-is-lost-but-keep-fouling-anyway fouls. Single-digit games averaged nearly five fouls in the last two minutes.
Each foul halted play for an average of 50 seconds, and it isn’t just free throws that cause the delay. Fouls offer an opportunity for coaches to make substitutions. And if a player fouls out, NCAA rules give teams 20 seconds to find a replacement.
In practice, referees give teams far longer, turning foul-outs into unofficial timeouts. At times, when a player fouled out, nearly a full minute passed before the opposing player so much as arrived at the free-throw line.
The worst foul-a-thons come when one team trails the other by enough to make it worth fouling intentionally to stop the clock, yet not by so much that such a strategy is utterly hopeless. And college basketball teams have an especially loose definition of “hope.”
North Dakota State trailed Gonzaga by 11 points with 16 seconds left in a round-of-64 game Friday, but went ahead and fouled again anyway. The crowd at Seattle’s KeyArena booed.
TIMEOUTS
Teams are allowed one 60-second timeout per game and four 30-second timeouts, only three of which can be carried into the second half. But thanks to automatic television timeouts, teams in need of a timeout rarely need to burn one of their own.
There are eight electronic media timeouts per game, called by referees at four designated play stoppages per half. As a result, coaches can hoard their timeouts in a way that enables them to micromanage the final minutes.
This strategy reached its apex in Saturday’s Notre Dame-Butler game, when the teams combined to call five timeouts in the last two minutes of regulation. The teams combined for the rare Triple Crown of stalling: three consecutive timeouts, all with the game clock stuck at :02.
The five team timeouts plus a media timeout resulted in 10:20 of stoppage, meaning the teams spent about five times as much time huddling as they did playing.
VIDEO REVIEWS
Referees don’t often use instant replay to review calls in the last two minutes. But if you happen to see them walking toward the sideline video monitor, you can probably get up and grab a snack without missing any actual basketball. The seven video reviews in the last two minutes of the first 52 games of the tournament delayed those games by an average of 1:22.
OTHER STOPPAGES
A few other quirks of the final minute delay the end even further. Unlike in the rest of the game, the clock is stopped after made baskets until the ball is inbounded. Trailing teams often inbound the ball by rolling it up the court as far as they can, delaying the restarting of the clock. And close calls sometimes prompt more discussion among referees, such as with the controversial goaltending call that decided UCLA’s victory over Southern Methodist Thursday, which resulted in a 52-second stoppage.
Then there are the usual breaks in play: jump balls, double-dribbles, shot-clock violations, traveling, out-of-bounds calls and so on. It all added up to an extra 39 seconds on average—just another small reason two minutes of basketball can take so much longer than it sounds.