The title of the thread/question being asked is kind of bothering me. Can you be discriminated against for a character trait that you have control over?
You can receive negative feedback based on your personality, and introverts very well may receive more negative feedback depending on the work environment, but then it's on you as an employee to change that aspect of your work persona to fit into what the team/management/job requires. Similarly, an extrovert may be asked to tone it back. That's not discrimination. You might not like what they're asking you to do or expecting you tot do because it's uncomfortable, but it's nothing you can't reasonably change.